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The tax is sure to be one of the main themes of the campaign. First question of democracy: the French have always been upset with the tax. This is not new. But now they no longer understand the meaning. Taxpayers do not know why they are not taxed when the money from. They wonder if they are "just" dizzy and taxed at the constant changes in the foot of the state, making our tax system totally unpredictable, unreadable, and therefore ineffective.How many French know they will pay for the first time this year a portion of their housing tax for inter-municipal, that is to say, of municipalities, they know nothing? How many business owners know exactly how much they will pay in lieu of business tax, abolished last year in favor of two new taxes? Reconcile with the citizen taxpayer is more than ever an imperative, when the both of them were again tempted to exile.

Question of economic efficiency then. One can only be struck by the complete lack of fiscal strategy of the Finance Bill 2012, currently under discussion in Parliament. In the eyes of officials of Bercy, the only way to increase tax revenues is to remove the niches or benefits made in the tax calculation.More than half of the 11 billion euros in additional savings are announced in late August and the removal of some old tax benefits. Now that the idea has been fueled largely with public opinion than the 104 billion euros in lost revenue for state coffers that are the fiscal and social niches, half are "very effective" or "inefficient", this solution is actually the easiest to implement. But it can serve as long-term program. As niches, whose real term is "tax expenditure", are as fundamental to encourage private investors to replace the public investor.No niches, no investment in France, which already sorely lacking.

Reform the income tax

The tax reform in 2012 will revolve around three major issues: how to bring balance between taxation of wealth and income? How to get to his income tax progressivity? What future for VAT?

To these questions, the UMP and the PS will provide different answers, of course bad credit payday advance. But the rules are the same for all. France can no longer raise taxes. The tax ratio-mandatory, ie the tax burden, amounted to 44.5% of GDP, close to its historical levels (44.9% in 1999). But conversely, the disastrous situation of public finances prevents them down.The "big bang" will be announced fiscal totally bounded in the universe: it will be a rebalancing in depth, but revenue constant.

Some lines of force emerge. The income tax in its present form, is on trial. Two transformations are emerging: reconsider its progressivity, that is to say goodbye slices. Or merge it with the CSG, an idea that has the favor of PS and a large part of the UMP. This merger should not be mistaken, broaden the tax base, will make the income tax fairer, but will also be more painful for the average incomes.

Similarly, it will not escape a VAT reform. Since 2008, 15 European countries have found, for fiscal consolidation, so much so that the rate of 19.6% French is now among the lowest in the euro area, 1 point lower than the average.Especially down at the other, the government chose to lower it for some sectors (food, building …).

Finally, there is the balance between taxation of income and wealth. The most sensitive issue. Recently, in Le Figaro, the budget minister Valérie Pécresse explained: "By raising taxes on savings, we compare the taxation of wealth from that of labor income." The road has only begun. One can imagine what awaits holders of wealth in the coming years …

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"Taxation: the rules for 2012 take shape

The CAC 40 lost more than 2% at the close, Wall Street sells more than 1% during the session. The atmosphere is clearly not looking good in the financial markets on Tuesday. The bosses of U.S. and European central banks did nothing to calm them.

Two days before his last conference as president of the ECB, Jean-Claude Trichet is pessimistic for the euro area. "We believe that the euro area will be very moderate in the second half," said one who will be replaced by Mario Draghi on November 1. As for inflation, he said that the rate should remain "above 2% in the coming months. Next year, it should fall below. " These are all signs that suggest that interest rates should remain unchanged Thursday.

As for the United States, the head of the central bank, Ben Bernanke is more optimistic."Recent indicators, including those of new jobless claims show that it is likely that the sluggish growth in employment continues in the coming period," he warned. Before the Joint Economic Committee of Congress, the Fed chairman has urged politicians to "avoid taking fiscal measures may impede the ongoing economic recovery business

"Against the interview hooded" by Cadremploi

What remains of it bias? It was a theme of Jean-Marie Le Pen there twenty years. It was the time when the country was not hit by the consequences of globalization. The stranger was a threat, he had just "eat the bread of the French."

Years later, Marine Le Pen took over the torch gently but one senses that the heart is gone. Difficult to show the French that limiting immigration would be freed up more spaces for "national". If immigration remains a favorite theme of the National Front, it seems that even the Navy Pen no longer believes in national preference in the fight against unemployment.Admittedly, equivalent jurisdiction, it says it will recruit French, but it does not tell a foreign jurisdiction, provided, of course, it is in good standing.

The way forward in the field of employment shows that some backward-looking arguments are less popular in the far-right party no faxing payday loan. It is the same for the wage-feeding. If her father was attached, it was clearly because a society where women care for children was more consistent with his vision of the family. Her daughter from this point of view is more modern. For her the work done by women at home must be paid but they willingly leave the choice to work.

In this regard, Marine Le Pen is a woman of her generation.Remains the personality that emerges from the maintenance and which is finally consistent with the public image of the candidate: she does not like bent (those "curves"), requires that he realizes (management of the head ) and admits that it would be difficult to work with a personality as strong as hers and complainer. In the end, the heiress gives the impression she is quite capable of leading the small family business, which does not mean that it is able to run a government. That's another job, and it does not only depend on her.

The CAC 40 continues its slow descent into hell. The stock market, which recorded a third consecutive session ended with a downward decrease of 1.13% to 2965.64 points, its lowest close of the year. It should even go back in spring 2009 to find such levels.

Moreover, stock markets are all in red with the exception of London (1.06%) and Zurich (4.02%). But the DAX in Frankfurt still loose 1.04% and 2.06% Milan.

Greece again centralizes all fears since the country's authorities and inspectors of the European Union, the International Monetary Fund and the European Central Bank, have suspended talks to ten days. The two parties disagree on the reasons and extent of delays by Athens in reducing its budget deficit. This situation endangers the second rescue plan concocted by the European Union.Some analysts believe even now that the plan was stillborn. "Greece has already slipped over new deficit targets," said Bruno Cavalier, as well, an economist at Oddo Securities.

Nervousness is also high, whereas the German Constitutional Court will make its decision Wednesday on the highly anticipated aid granted by Greece to Berlin and the establishment of a European emergency fund. Germany is the main creditor of Greece in the eurozone.

"It's a stampede"

Also in the issue of debt in the euro zone, Italy is suffering from a new crisis of confidence while accumulating doubts on its ability to curb its deficit despite the adoption of an austerity plan this summer.Finally, union sources said yesterday that the Spanish Prime Minister Jose Luis Rodriguez Zapatero had recognized mid-August, the markets in crisis, that Spain was close to a "rescue" needed.

"It's the stampede, the free fall. Trust is the innermost and nobody does anything to reassure, "commented Xavier Villepion, sales of shares in Global Equities. "Investors have no reason now to invest in the equity markets," he says. "We are in a dynamic market similar to that of the fall of 2008, when prevailing psychosis triggered by the subprime crisis," said Patrick Jacq, bond strategist at BNP Paribas."Everybody goes in the same direction and fled to the German long-term bonds," he said.

"No recession in the U.S."

These problems of sovereign debt in addition to fears of a global recession while the health of U.S. economic worries. In this regard, World Bank President Robert Zoellick said on Tuesday that the United States was not threatened by a return to recession. "I do not think the United States and the world will fall into recession," he said direct payday lenders.

Societe Generale and Credit Agricole to the lowest since 2009

Bank stocks were again the most attacked: BNP Paribas lost 5.24% to 29.66 euros, Crédit Agricole, 4.72% to 5.56 euros and Societe Generale, 6.54% to 18.92 euros.

Audika: + 1.56% to 16.30 euros

The group released a net profit up 17.2% to 4.8 million in the first half, Audika has benefited from financial instruments, whose contribution represents about 400,000 euros.

Medica: 2.54% to 12.50 euros

Medica said it had seven times its first-half profits to 20.7 million euros and raised its annual growth target of the activity of 15% to 17%.

NYSE Euronext: -1.68% to 17.80 euros

The group announced a return to continuous trading, as of Thursday, September 8, a series of indicators of the Paris Bourse, the SBF 120, which was suspended on August 8 for technical reasons.

Casino: -1.66% to 54.36 euros

The retailer Almacenes Exito Colombia, 54.8% owned by the French group, has launched a capital increase of $ 1.4 billion (one billion) unveiled in late June.

Paris airport: -0.38% to 55.29 euros

A consortium that includes ADP is one of the groups pre-qualified to take over the airports of Madrid and Barcelona, ​​said Monday the Spanish airport authority AENA.

Lagardère: 0.03% to 19.30 euros

Arnaud Lagardere said the media group is considering a share buyback or payment of a dividend with the proceeds of the sale of the international magazine division.In an interview published Tuesday by the newspaper Les Echos, he also said that the withdrawal of the group of EADS will not happen until the release of the Airbus A350, the future long-haul European aircraft manufacturers.

Air France-KLM: + 0.79% to 6.14 euros

The group wants to save 700 to 800 million euros in additional savings and will also scale back its flight schedule.

GDF Suez: -2.07% to 19.63 euros

The newspaper Les Echos, there will be no increase in gas rates for individuals on 1 October, the Regulatory Commission (CRE) does not provide a complete analysis of the tariff before the end of September.

Séché: -9.65% to 42.45 euros

The company said it was reviewing its goal of decreasing operating income (ROC) for 2011, it now expected around the level reached in 2010 after falling 2.7% in the first half.

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The Paris Bourse do not know which way to turn on Wednesday. After starting down 0.58% at 3212.23 points, the CAC 40 is pressed into the green in mid-day, hause of 0.17%. It continues to grow and advance of 1.39% to 3275.80 points in 16 hours. At the London Stock Exchange, the FTSE-100 reduced its losses and lost 0.20%, as the Dax in Frankfurt which yields 0.55%. Madrid is pressed into the green and earns 0.30%.

The small increase in opening on Wall Street allowed the European indices to regain some ground after a volatile morning. Investors are, in fact, not reassured by the proposals of German Chancellor Angela Merkel and French President Nicolas Sarkozy yesterday on the governance of the euro area.These include notably the establishment of a "real government of the euro area", the adoption of a golden rule of balancing the budget by the seventeen members of the euro area and the introduction of a tax on financial transactions. The French president and German Chancellor did not, however, proposed to increase the European bailout fund not to launch Eurobond market as hoped.

If these proposals were welcomed by governments, many analysts believe, therefore, they lack the substance to calm global stock markets. Sony Kapoor, the think tank Re-Define, based in London, believes that "economic government's proposal, which may be an important step towards an even tighter union, is of little use to address the most urgent" ."The meeting between the German and French leaders failed to alleviate concerns about the debt crisis in the euro area," adds Ker Chung Yang, an analyst at Phillip Futures Oil in Singapore.

The euro is trying to back up the hill, looking for gold

The most tangible sign of the disappointment of markets: the decline of the euro. It was worth 1.4365 dollars in Tokyo Wednesday, against 1.4406 dollars in New York the night before. He came down this morning in Asia to 1.4352 dollar. At midday, the European currency, however, able to bounce back and exchanged to 16 hours at 1.4482 dollar."The Franco-German meeting did not result in clear solutions and this has caused sales of euros," said Nobuyoshi Kuroiwa, a leader in foreign exchange Hachijuni Bank.

Gold, a refuge in times of crisis, was worth 1795 dollars on Wednesday afternoon in Hong Kong, 1780 against the dollar the day before closing.

Oil prices opened sharply higher in New York, supported by expectations of declining stocks of petroleum products, synonymous with an application may be better than expected guaranteed payday loans. Around 1:10 p.m. GMT on the New York Mercantile Exchange (Nymex ), a barrel of "light sweet crude" for September delivery was trading at 88.29 dollars, up 2.24 dollars compared to the previous day.

Always on the side indicators, inflation excluding volatile items fell in the eurozone in July, Eurostat said Wednesday, confirming also the overall annual inflation rate.Excluding energy and unprocessed food packaged, retail prices fell 0.8% monthly increase of 1.5% annually from 1.8% in June

United States, the producer prices rose more than expected in July, 0.2%, after falling 0.4% in June, according to the Labor Department.

Values ​​to follow

The banking sector

The Franco-German proposal to create a common tax on financial transactions was announced Tuesday after the close of European stock. As Wall Street and in Asia, French banks respond poorly. BNP Paribas (-2% to 36.75 euros) is the second largest drop in the CAC. The bank is followed by Societe Generale (-1.58% to 24.87 euros) and Credit Agricole (-0.87% to 6.72 euros).Natixis (0.72% to 3.08 euros) and Axa (0.49% to 11.27 euros) are in green.

The project also affects the stock exchange operators: NYSE Euronext lost 6.38%, 6.22% yield Deutsche Börse and the London Stock Exchange was down 4.42%.

Lafarge: -0.09% to 29.21 euros

The cement manufacturer announced Wednesday the sale of the autralien Boral's share in their joint venture LBGA (Lafarge Boral Gypsum Asia) for a total of 429 million euros.

Renault: -0.14% to 29.09 euros

The South Korean subsidiary Renault, Renault Samsung, Wednesday denied news reports suggesting its possible initial public offering of Seoul.

Edenred: -0.54% to 18.50 euros

The group announced the sale of its Australian subsidiary Trahaire Davidson, a consulting company in human resources, specializing in psychological assistance to employees as part of a transaction of approximately $ 35 million.

Rodriguez Group: -4.01% to 3.83 euros

The group released a drop of 38% of its sales in the third quarter to end June, due to lower sales of new boats, but the group expects an improvement in sales of used boats on the last part of his 2010-2011.

Saint-Gobain can be serene in 2011. In publishing, for the first half of the year, net income has rebounded more than half, the direction of the construction group was able to confirm its objective of growth "sustained" and up "double-digit "of its operating income. Saint-Gobain has indeed revealed this Thursday evening in a statement, a profit of 768 million euros over the first six months of the year (53.3% over the same period of 2010), with higher volumes and selling prices. Operating income, however, has jumped 19% to 1.72 billion euros. Confirming "the gradual recovery activities related to residential construction in Europe", the turnover the first six months of the year earned 6.9% to 20.9 billion euros, while the result of operations rose 19% to 1.7 billion euros.At the end of June, net debt of Saint-Gobain was stable at 9.1 billion euros.

"The continued growth of our business in the first half confirmed the recovery in sales volumes seen in 2010, and our ability to successfully pursue our policy of priority to the sale price," said Pierre-Andre de Chalendar, CEO of Saint-Gobain, even though the group has faced higher costs of raw materials and energy.

Accelerate acquisitions

Saint-Gobain's acquisitions will accelerate in the second half to take advantage of the recovery volume.The group has already announced the first of the year several acquisitions, including the distribution with a proposed takeover of the network and Brossette Build Centre for a total of 351 million euros and a acquisition in Russia in the insulation and the plasterboard in Turkey, who number this time tens of millions of euros bad credit payday loans.

"There are a number of acquisitions that are in progress, so I can not give you the amount in the second half but it will be very Arguably higher the amount we had in the first half," assured Pierre-Andre Chalendar."We have a PORTFOLIO of files in negotiation is important, but we are very strict on the debt, therefore the amounts we are talking about a few hundred million."

The IPO Verallia not ruled out

Saint-Gobain has "always the intention of getting the stock market" Verallia, its subsidiary in bottles and glass jars and take "a decision based on market conditions," said the boss of the French group, while the development project on the Paris market was delayed.

On June 20, in fact, Saint-Gobain decided at the last minute to postpone the entry of the Paris Bourse Verallia due to market conditions deemed "very unfavorable."

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"A giant glass valued at around 2 billion euros

Back in the red for the Paris Bourse. At the opening on Monday, the CAC 40 index drops 0.76% to 3813.50 points. Just relieved by Greece, where the leaders of the euro area have managed to agree on a rescue plan, investors are concerned about the United States. The elected representatives of the U.S. Congress again tried Sunday to reach an agreement on raising the debt ceiling, but without success.

While the Speaker of the House John Boehner had slammed the door to negotiations with the White House on Friday night, negotiations continued behind the scenes throughout the weekend between the Democratic allies of President Barack Obama, the Senate majority and their Republican opponents, who control the House of Representatives. But John Boehner told his troops on Sunday night that no breakthrough had yet been obtained.The head of the Republican majority in the House, Eric Cantor, considered the arguments of President Barack Obama "politics and indefensible."

The situation becomes very tense nine days of the deadline mentioned by the Treasury before a default. This morning, this concern has led to a relapse of the Asian markets. For their part, the U.S. markets, which had already ended Friday without direction, were on the downside Sunday night in electronic trading at the end of the weekend.

Greece is also in the news: Moody's today lowered the country's sovereign rating of "Caa1" from "It" with a development, saying the country was still facing major challenges medium-term credit.

Oil down

On the currency side, the dollar is penalized. The euro is rising against the greenback at 1.4367 dollar.Oil is also down. In morning trading, a barrel of "light sweet crude" for August delivery lost 1.08 dollars to 98.79 dollars. That of Brent North Sea crude for September delivery lost 60 cents to 118.07 dollars.

The American situation is also the only concern when no market indicator is expected on Monday.

Values ​​to follow

Areva: -1.83% to 24.88 euros, EDF: 0.28% to 27.24 euros

The new president of Areva, Luc Oursel, who succeeded Anne Lauvergeon end of June, will make his first official Monday by hosting one of its plants EDF's CEO Henri Proglio, showing the warming of relations between the two groups. EDF and Areva have signed an agreement at that time technically and commercially, prior to a more ambitious partnership signed in September payday advance.

Banking

Crédit Agricole (-1.87% to 9.25 euros), BNP Paribas (-1.75% to 47.96 euros), Societe Generale (-1.75% to 37.41 euros), Axa (-1, 60% to 14.10 euros) suffer from degradation of the note of Greece by Moody's.

Axa, while welcoming the agreement reached by EU leaders on Greece, the insurers of the French Federation of Insurance Companies (FFSA) said they consider positively their participation in the project initiative of private investors in As part of the options.

Score: -0.24% to 18.50 euros

The reinsurer Scor said on Monday a 22% growth in constant currencies, the treaty renewals in non-life and specialties of the 320 million of premiums up for renewal in mid-year.

Saint-Gobain: -0.69% to 42.18 euros

The group will buy the network and Brossette Build Center in Wolseley.

Unibail-Rodamco: 0.51% to 158.30 euros; Klépierre: -0.13% to 27.14 euros

HSBC has initiated coverage of Unibail-Rodamco to "overweight" with a target price of 175 euros and raised its recommendation on Klépierre to "underweight" to "neutral."

LVMH: 0.08% to 129.35 euros

Consob is considering a complaint from an investment fund over the price offered to pay the French to buy the balance of Bulgari, confirmed Sunday a spokesman for the Italian stock market.

Total: -0.11% to 39.41 euros

The oil amounts to ten billion dollars (seven billion euros) of investment needed to develop the oil field north of Moho Bilondo off the coast of the Republic of Congo, said its CEO, Christophe de Margerie.

Valeo: -3.94% to 45.35 euros

The group announced Friday that its U.S. subsidiary Valeo Inc., based in Troy, Michigan, had received a request for information from the U.S. court as part of an antitrust investigation.

Fimalac: 0.29% to 27.90 euros

The group announced a sales increase of 11.9% on a comparable basis to 515.8 million euros in the first nine months of fiscal year 2010-2011.Its subsidiary, the rating agency Fitch Ratings has led to an increase of 11.7% of its turnover over the same period to 401.5 million euros.

After market, Seb and Klépierre publish their half year results, April Group will announce its earnings for the second quarter, Faiveley the first quarter. Mercialys and STMicroelectronics will publish their results for the second quarter.

"We all costs to avoid dispersion." This is how the head of state has summarized, in the fourth press conference since the start of his five-year, the method used for 18 months in the allocation of the general loan. Devoted to investment for the future, the meeting with journalists was an opportunity to the President of the Republic to take stock of its economic policy, and investment for the future that the arbitration had been made public December 14, 2009.

Eighteen months after the launch of the programs, 1.7 billion were directed to higher education and research, € 2.85 billion has been committed to industry and SMEs, 1.64 billion for sustainable development and 610 million for digital.Among the priority sectors, Nicolas Sarkozy also stressed the importance of health, with 2.4 billion euros allocated directly to the sector, accompanied by one billion euros to peripheral actions.

"It is essential that we have a world center of research against cancer," hammered the president on this point, stressing the danger of the fragmentation of research. The Head of State has also asked the government to "think" and "make suggestions" on the funding of an Institute University Hospital (IHU) focused on cancer. And for good reason: the six projects selected under the IHU of the call for projects large loan, financed to the tune of 850 million euros, none is focused on cancer.This has been the subject of much criticism, since this disease is the subject of a "Plan Cancer" initiated by the multi-year Department of Labor from 2009 until 2013, with the aim to unify, coordinate and accelerate research.

Finally, the President refused to ignore the nuclear, confirming that a billion would be allocated "to the nuclear program of the future", including the fourth generation. "There is no alternative to nuclear power today," he thought, pledging 1.35 billion investment in renewable energy.

Annual evaluation of projects

In total, about 35 billion euros announced in late 2009, about 13 billion has already been committed. By the end of the year, the Elysee hopes that two-thirds of the loan, or twenty billion, are effectively injected into the economy."France has never made such an effort in the service of investment," supported the president, noting that the successful projects were selected by international juries, very selective. The Head of State welcomed the enthusiasm shown by researchers and entrepreneurs, with over 1,500 projects submitted in 18 months.

Beyond the list of investments, Nicolas Sarkozy has strongly emphasized the leverage of the device waited, hoping that the 35 billion euros invested become "60-65000000000 through co-financing companies and local communities. "

Meanwhile measure the effectiveness of this leverage, the Head of State is committed to achieving an annual public review of the general loan disbursement, as well as "projects that have won awards and their results ".These results will be a press conference and a meeting of Parliament, Nicolas Sarkozy promised further. An evaluation he described as "normal" given the extraordinary in every project.

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The Stock Exchange of Hong Kong and Shanghai respectively climbed 1.42% to 22,068.70 points and 1.84% to 3012.17 points in morning trading on Friday and take the coast on the main stock indexes in Asia Pacific. In Tokyo, the Nikkei is 0.47% at 9641.68 points, in India the BSE wins 1.33% to 17,964.10 points, Singapore, the Straits Times rises from 0.32% to 3054.54 points and Australia, the S & P / ASX earns 0.33% to 4515.20 points.

So yesterday, a barrel of oil fell in New York and London due to the intervention of the International Energy Agency – which drew on its stocks to meet a "shortage", companies the airline industry substantially benefit the stock market. Air China climbed 6.81%, 1.87% of Singapore Airlines and Qantas of 2.33%. Values ​​rise as exporters like Toyota (1.08%) or Toshiba (4.10%). In South Korea, Samsung and LG allows itself 1.2% 0.9%.On Friday, oil prices increased again: the barrel of "light sweet crude" for delivery in August went back to almost 92 dollars (91.94 dollars to be precise). That of Brent North Sea crude for August delivery took 64 cents to 107.90 dollars. Note also that in Australia, the giant telecom Tesltra which drops by 2.7% against a backdrop of advertisements loss widened.

This Friday is also the first trading day of the Italian Prada. The luxury group took 0.25% for its early trade Friday, becoming the latest group to date to be chosen this place in the heart of Asia to raise capital.The action open to 39.60 Hong Kong dollars (3.56 euros), while the Hong Kong Stock Exchange opened with a gain of 0.39%.

In addition to these movements, the mood settles while the Greek case relaxes: Europe Thursday promised a new plan to save Greece from bankruptcy and avoid contagion to the entire euro area or the rest of world, but kept up the pressure to Athens in exchange for adopting an unpopular austerity program.Greece, it has reached an agreement with international donors on the final details of a new austerity plan, whose adoption in parliament expected next week will determine a second aid plan to avoid bankruptcy the country.

The earthquake in Japan will cost 145 billion euros

The earthquake and tsunami of March 11 in Japan have caused direct damage estimated at 16,900 billion yen (147 billion euros), said Friday the Japanese government. This sum corresponds to the destruction suffered by the infrastructure, homes and businesses of northeastern Japan, devastated by an earthquake of magnitude 9 and a giant tsunami that killed more than 23,000 dead or missing.

The government had previously estimated the damage in a range between 16,000 and 25,000 billion yen (139 to 217,000,000,000 euros).

Co-leader of drones, unmanned aircraft, with the United States, Israel has come into force at the Paris Air Show. Under the leadership of "Israel Export & International Cooperation Institute" and the commercial department of the Israeli Embassy in Paris, fifteen companies representing the flagship of the aerospace industry, display their latest creations. By visiting the house of Israel, visitors can "touch" the latest innovations.

Among them, a strange machine to look worthy of Star Wars called AirMule. Urban Aeronautics presents a model of the UAV helicopter whose rotor is not visible because housed in the body of the device. AirMule has already made several test flights. It is intended to convey the property or to perform medical evacuations in theaters of operation in urban environments or in complex natural sites difficult to access.Its specifications in fact enable it to obtain dual certification (civil and military). It concerns the Israeli Ministry of Defense and NATO.

Another original concept developed by Aeronautics Defense Systems, the transformation of a civilian aircraft into existing UAV MALE (Medium Altitude Long Endurance). "UAVs often have reliability problems because of their platform that can also be certified to fit into the civil air traffic," said a company representative. Aeronautics Defense Systems has decided to work from an Australian aircraft, the Diamond DA 42, the cell tested. And he turned into MALE UAV called Dominator.The company that specializes in unmanned air, land and sea, began production in February Dominator.

Partnership with EADS and Thales

Israel is a major player in the defense market with a global market share estimated at 7 payday loans.5%. In 2010, according to the Israeli Ministry of Defense, the export sales of armaments have reached $ 10 billion, twice more than in 2008. The industry occupies 150 companies whose leaders are the group Rafael, Elbit and IAI, which employ some 44,000 employees. Israel has often been a pioneer in the field of defense. His army was the first to use drones, manned aircraft from the ground station, on a massive scale in 1982 in the Bekaa Valley during the war in Lebanon.

These leading companies have, for years the card partnerships with U.S. and European manufacturers.The group thus provides the platform IAI Heron which is the basis for the Snowy, the MALE UAV militarized by EADS, which is used by the French Air Force in Afghanistan. In Britain, Thales has set up a joint venture with Elbit group to make the platform's tactical UAV Wachtkeeper which has a technology transfer platform Hermes 450. Wachtkeeper was developed for the British Army who ordered 60 copies. It will enter service in late 2011.

In all, Israel has developed a range of UAVs double duty (civilian and military) that goes from the micro-craft to the general observation drone high altitude long endurance (HALE).The fleet in service on five continents has accumulated 700,000 hours of flight, a world record.

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