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In the second of the five-day strike of cabin crew of Air France, the company claims to have secured 80% of its flights. According to a spokesperson, it will be the same for Monday. Knowing that the day before, "88% of flights, not 80% as announced" were maintained, she said. The conflict creates a battle of numbers between unions and management. According to the latter, there would be 30% of strikers. For the main trade unions, there are between 50 and 60% of agents who have disengaged. Remember, the movement is to protest against the proposed reduction in the number of cabin crew in some planes.

"Management is currently parades, but it can not hold the road in five days," said Gaëlle Sibril, steward of Southern Air. "That's why we filed a notice of strike for five days because we know they can be organized over two days but no more," she added.As at the airport in Toulouse: Toulouse-Orly ten flights on nineteen planned included were canceled, said the Depeche du Midi. The newspaper also states that "last-minute delays are expected." Note that at Nice, the third busiest airport in France, three flights were canceled Saturday to Paris no fax pay day loan. The same applies to Marseille where five flights were canceled in the direction of Roissy and Orly.

In total, about 200 flights on the 1000 planned were canceled Saturday. To service, the company temporarily restricted to 100 passenger capacity of its medium-haul flights from Orly. This management method was chosen to avoid having to put down passengers for lack of a sufficient number of hostesses and stewards. "It blocks the flights a minimum. Is completed according to the presentation of the crews as and when.Traffic should be disturbed until Wednesday, November 2 included.

In 2007, a similar strike, triggered by the same six unions to the same period of Toussaint, had caused major disruptions. Air France was forced several times to review downward its traffic forecast: 90% of flights expected to be provided the day before, this had increased to 60% during the weekend.

Modified or exchanged for free tickets

The company called to check passengers before they leave for the airport, on the website of the company, the list of flights canceled or delayed. They also know the traffic forecasts by sending an SMS to 63654 with their flight number.

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The tax is sure to be one of the main themes of the campaign. First question of democracy: the French have always been upset with the tax. This is not new. But now they no longer understand the meaning. Taxpayers do not know why they are not taxed when the money from. They wonder if they are "just" dizzy and taxed at the constant changes in the foot of the state, making our tax system totally unpredictable, unreadable, and therefore ineffective.How many French know they will pay for the first time this year a portion of their housing tax for inter-municipal, that is to say, of municipalities, they know nothing? How many business owners know exactly how much they will pay in lieu of business tax, abolished last year in favor of two new taxes? Reconcile with the citizen taxpayer is more than ever an imperative, when the both of them were again tempted to exile.

Question of economic efficiency then. One can only be struck by the complete lack of fiscal strategy of the Finance Bill 2012, currently under discussion in Parliament. In the eyes of officials of Bercy, the only way to increase tax revenues is to remove the niches or benefits made in the tax calculation.More than half of the 11 billion euros in additional savings are announced in late August and the removal of some old tax benefits. Now that the idea has been fueled largely with public opinion than the 104 billion euros in lost revenue for state coffers that are the fiscal and social niches, half are "very effective" or "inefficient", this solution is actually the easiest to implement. But it can serve as long-term program. As niches, whose real term is "tax expenditure", are as fundamental to encourage private investors to replace the public investor.No niches, no investment in France, which already sorely lacking.

Reform the income tax

The tax reform in 2012 will revolve around three major issues: how to bring balance between taxation of wealth and income? How to get to his income tax progressivity? What future for VAT?

To these questions, the UMP and the PS will provide different answers, of course bad credit payday advance. But the rules are the same for all. France can no longer raise taxes. The tax ratio-mandatory, ie the tax burden, amounted to 44.5% of GDP, close to its historical levels (44.9% in 1999). But conversely, the disastrous situation of public finances prevents them down.The "big bang" will be announced fiscal totally bounded in the universe: it will be a rebalancing in depth, but revenue constant.

Some lines of force emerge. The income tax in its present form, is on trial. Two transformations are emerging: reconsider its progressivity, that is to say goodbye slices. Or merge it with the CSG, an idea that has the favor of PS and a large part of the UMP. This merger should not be mistaken, broaden the tax base, will make the income tax fairer, but will also be more painful for the average incomes.

Similarly, it will not escape a VAT reform. Since 2008, 15 European countries have found, for fiscal consolidation, so much so that the rate of 19.6% French is now among the lowest in the euro area, 1 point lower than the average.Especially down at the other, the government chose to lower it for some sectors (food, building …).

Finally, there is the balance between taxation of income and wealth. The most sensitive issue. Recently, in Le Figaro, the budget minister Valérie Pécresse explained: "By raising taxes on savings, we compare the taxation of wealth from that of labor income." The road has only begun. One can imagine what awaits holders of wealth in the coming years …

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The growing unease among the agents of employment center. After the hostage Monday by two executives seeking employment in an agency in East Paris, the unions called on workers to exercise their right to withdraw this Wednesday morning from 9:00 to 11:00. This is for Inter to "denounce the continued risk of aggression sites," while a committee of health, safety and working conditions (HSC) Extraordinary meets at the same time to discuss the hostage taking.

The attacks of this magnitude are fortunately minimal. But officials complain, according to unions, to address a growing tension in the workplace. "For several years the violence they face every day progresses," says Philippe Berhauld, national secretary of the CFDT employment center. "The insults to home are becoming more frequent.Accusations of incométences have become commonplace. Accidents of this kind, we are about two a day just in my area, Midi-Pyrenees, "said Diane Gastellu, employment center agent and member of the HSC.

"We are ill-equipped to respond" Unemployment, which is struggling to recede, contributing to frustration and sometimes despair of the unemployed. The share of those seeking work for over a year, in particular, continues to grow. As for the merger of the ANPE and Assedic, made a forced march at the height of the crisis in 2009, workers often feel that it has exacerbated the situation. By increasing the pace of work – each manages a portfolio average of 110 to 120 job seekers – and requiring most agents they are versatile, transfer of public service employment has made their task particularly arduous.

"If the relations are more strained with the users, it is often because we are ill-equipped to answer them, says Diane Gastellu. The officers present at the reception may not have the dual responsibility on compensation and job search faxless pay day loans. Colleagues who have dual training are far from being the majority. " Result, when a job applicant has a question about computing the allowance, "it happens very quickly, we swim," says Councillor example. A situation reinforced by the fact that many agents are welcome CSD, and employment center of recent date.

Absenteeism on the rise

The use of telephone platforms, to relieve the agencies, does not help. "We refer more users to these platforms. This is resented, they feel taken for a ride. Their instinct is often to seek to impose the contact, "says she again."Before the merger, we had more time to spend in conversation with each job seeker. It's frustrating for everyone: for employees who feel they do not do a good job, and for users who feel abandoned, "said another officer, former Assedic, who has in the Centre region. Work overload, poor management of priorities, setting targets unrelated to the quality of service: agents are not left out of arguments to explain the increasing frustration of users.

Many strains on the health of employees and the social climate of the public institution. According to a Senate report released last July, absenteeism has increased by over 20% in five French regions and from 15% to 20% in five others. Urban areas, where the density of job seekers is important, are particularly affected."The medium and long stops diseases have increased significantly, says John Montero, TF delegate employment center. We deplore more depressions. More and more agents are taking psychotropic drugs, neuroleptics, have addictive behavior. It is time to do something. "

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After winning nearly 4% last week, the CAC 40 was hesitant Monday. After opening on a positive note on Monday, rising 0.81% to 3243.93 points, it is passed back to balance, to 3218.06 points (-0.02%) on the stroke of 13 hours.

Investors have not long welcomed the determination shown by European finance ministers at the G20 Finance last weekend. At this meeting, the central bankers of the EU porutant promised to bring an answer this week "comprehensive and lasting peace" to the debt crisis at the G20. "Advanced countries will adopt, taking into account their respective national circumstances, policies to strengthen the confidence and support growth and implement measures clear, credible and targeted to rebalance public finances" stressed ministers in statement.

Above all, they promise to make a decision at the European Summit of October 23, described as "decisive" on Saturday by Minister of Economy Baroin. For its part, the ECB President Jean-Claude Trichet said the euro was "not threatened", but called on all Europeans to be "extremely vigilant" with regard to public finances.

Attempted to reassure the ability of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) to support countries in difficulty, Christine Lagarde, the Executive Director, has determined that the resources of the institution for the time were "appropriate" and "fit" to Micro Europe 1.And, while many European countries are considering to use the Fund to prevent contagion of the crisis in the euro area in case of bankruptcy of Athens.

Measures of expected savings on the U.S. side

On the other side of the Atlantic, U.S. President Barack Obama must include measures of fiscal consolidation through a savings plan. Last Friday, the country's budget deficit reached 8.7% of GDP in 2010-2011, 0.3 points less than in the previous year, according to the Treasury. In absolute terms however, the fiscal gap widened slightly compared to fiscal 2010, 0.4%, from the threshold of 1.299 trillion dollars, making it the second biggest deficit of the History of the United States.Concerns also weigh on U.S. growth, after the deterioration of consumer sentiment surprise U.S. beginning in October, falling incomes leading consumer expectations to their lowest level for over 31 years.

Following the announcement of the failure of 20% of the 360,000 small businesses in Zhejiang Province since the beginning of the year, Beijing also pledged to "rebalance" its growth engines through a battery of measures this week.

The euro retreated slightly

On the foreign exchange market, the euro fell slightly against the U.S. dollar on Monday morning at 1.284 dollars (-0.21%). While oil was up in Asia after a barrel of "light sweet crude" for November delivery clinching 35 cents to 87.15 dollars in early electronic trading.Barrel of Brent North Sea crude for December delivery gained 18 cents to 112.41 him dollars.

In terms of indicators, the United States, industrial activity in the region of New York (October) and the country's industrial production are expected in early afternoon.

In Europe, a speech in London Wolfgang Schäuble, German Minister of Finance, on financial regulation and fiscal consolidation is expected.

In Japan, industrial production for the month of August will be published in the day.

Banks remain top values ​​to follow this Monday

• Banking

Standard & Poor's (S & P) announced Friday it lowered the long-term rating of BNP Paribas (-1.47% to 31.77 euros) from "AA" to "AA-" and the Bichri (Banking Industry Country Risk Assessment) of France in Group 1 Group 2.In this context, investors will keep an eye on Societe Generale (-1.46% to 20.53 euros) and Credit Agricole (-1.52% to 5.11 euros).

• Dexia

The National Assembly will consider the draft supplementary budget by establishing a government guarantee.

• Air France-KLM (2.79% to 5.68 euros)

A special board meets Monday for the start RECORDED Pierre-Henri Gourgeon, as revealed by Le Figaro yesterday. In addition, three cabin crew unions (PNC) filed a strike notice for the weekend of All Saints to protest job cuts.

• Renault (+0.02% at 27.48 euros)

The new organization called the head of the manufacturer after the false spy case will come into force on 2 November as planned and strengthen the power of the CEO Carlos Ghosn with the aim to avoid the fiasco of the early recurrence in 2011.

• Axa (0.82% to 11.02 euros)

The French insurer Axa wants to eliminate by 2015 about 1,500 jobs in Germany, or one sixth of its workforce in the country, the Financial Times Deutschland on Monday.

• Eurosic (-0.68% to 32.27 euros)

The group has completed the acquisition of 22 office buildings with GE Capital Real Estate valued rights included 340 million euros.

• Edenred (-0.26% to 19.10 euros), Guyenne Gascogne (0.62% to 81 euros), Mercialys (-0.58% to 27.37 euros) will release its third quarter results after market close.

In purchasing real estate, the French would have become more opportunistic. This is reflected in a survey of the Land Bank published this Saturday in Le Parisien-Aujourd'hui en France, on Saturday. The study found that nearly two-thirds of the French advance will realize a capital gain tax at the time to buy an apartment. Thirty years ago, they were a little less than half. "In 2010, 22% of buyers formulate their intention to sell as soon as possible, against 4.2% in 1980," said the newspaper Deletré Bruno, general manager of Crédit Foncier. The desire to stop paying rent and security always have a home are the main motivations for first-time buyers that are what the generations (over 90% of respondents).The survey was conducted among four generations of first-time buyers (1620 people in total) signed a loan with Land Bank.

"Buyers more opportunistic and strategic"

To the general manager of Crédit Foncier, today's generation is more "strategic" than their elders who could probably more easily buy a long-term bad credit pay day loans. "We are faced with more opportunistic buyers, which are placed on a financial and strategic option," he said. Today's buyers who have experienced a doubling of prices in ten years are more responsive to market conditions according to this survey (75% against 66% for buyers of the 2000s) but not more concerned than previous generations to build a retirement investment (on average, between 71% and 72% by generation).

In this context of rising prices, buyers today feel more proud to own (67% against 54% for generation 2000). Generation in 2000, helped by a favorable economic environment, expressed "most satisfied", the buyers of the 1990s say they are "reasonable" and those of the 1980s put forward the "sacrifices" made to repay the loan.

After a first crisis meeting on Monday, the board of directors of Dexia held another meeting on Sunday night marathon on a background of tensions. On the menu, the agreement in principle found in government, between France, Belgium and Luxembourg, on a pattern of orderly liquidation of troubled bank.

The dismantling of Dexia revolve around two main axes. First part of the device, sales lead to much gnashing of teeth. Side France, the discussion focuses on the sale of a portfolio of over EUR 70 billion – mostly loans to local authorities – an entity owned 65% by Caisse des Depots, which drags its feet. Until more details, the Investment Committee of the CDC has just issued an advisory opinion but negative according to our sources.La Banque Postale will take a minimum the job of funder community, hitherto devoted to its competitor.

At the same time, Dexia will sell its retail banking subsidiary in Belgium, Dexia Bank Belgium, the Belgian partner probably common across the Quiévrain. The Wall Street Journal, Price, hotly debated, could turn around 4 billion euros, well below the value expected by shareholders. As Fortis sold to BNP Paribas in 2008, the Belgian government's goal is to lean then the network to a private actor. For its part, Luxembourg completes its participation in the recovery of BIL through a consortium led by Qatari investors. Denizbank, the Turkish subsidiary, is also about to be sold.

The second component of dismantling the management of residual interests.While the Spanish or Italian Sabadell Crediop seem almost impossible to sell, will remain at Dexia a portfolio of nearly 95 billion euros in loans, of which 12 billion of government bonds devices in Europe. It is this "bad bank" guarantee promised by France and Belgium will apply. Sunday, the two countries should share the burden away. In 2008, Belgium had made to their account 60% of the security so much higher than 150 billion euros. This time, the camp Yves Leterme wanted to reduce its share of the bill, arguing that the French management had little Belgian interests associated with the management since 2008.

Impact rating

Signal of the high stakes, Prime Minister François Fillon had made the trip to Brussels on Sunday to meet with Belgian prime minister Yves Leterme.The talks, which have been associated with Jean-Luc Dehaene and Pierre Mariani, President and Group CEO, helped lead to a solution "fruit of intensive consultations with all partners involved," insisted the two sides.

The two countries share a triple objective: secure banking on their own territory, without violating the rights of minority shareholders, and while limiting the cost of this debacle for public finances. Friday, Moody's had also placed the rating on negative watch Belgium. Council of Ministers to be held in Belgium on Sunday night, after the Board of Directors of the bank.

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Controllers return to work gradually. After La Rochelle and Paris Sud Est (Gare de Lyon), several sites have voted Friday morning to return to work, like Bordeaux, Reims, Chambery, Dijon, Lyon, St Etienne, Toulouse or Besancon. Other websites should take a similar decision at general meetings planned in the afternoon. The management of the SNCF

Many controllers SNCF had exercised their right to withdraw on Thursday afternoon to work after the announcement of the attack on a colleague on a train on the Corail Lyon-Strasbourg. In an interview with Figaro.fr, the president of the SNCF appealed to the coolness of the railway to resume work soon and would discuss with the unions to turn.Management has undertaken to present an emergency plan with the security services.

Traffic TGV, Corail and TER is still disrupted, although the situation has improved significantly over the entire network, including 8-9 in 10 TGV from and to Paris and a TER of 2. To find out if their train is running, users are encouraged to consult regularly Infolignes site, or call toll free (free from a landline) 0805 90 36 35.

Toll and information site

SNCF always invites customers to delay their trip or take alternate means of transportation. Ticket holders whose train was canceled may obtain a refund, or take any train leaving for the same destination without the need to exchange their ticket. Good news however for users Transilien (train network in the Île-de-France), the Thalys and Eurostar.Traffic on these lines is normal according to SNCF.

"There is no point in penalizing travelers"

The strike controller led Thursday the cancellation of all trains at night, and created a big mess all over the country. According to the station, all passengers stranded at the station in the evening were able to reach their destination or were assisted to find accommodation for the night. According to the Ministry of the Interior, it was not necessary to set up emergency housing plan.
Board trains at the Gare Saint-Charles in Marseille. Photo credits: GERARD JULIEN / AFP

Christine Lagarde has not found his dream home in Washington. Arrive early July to head the International Monetary Fund (IMF), she still lives temporarily in a furnished apartment, close to his office. "Initially, I looked pretty houses in the neighborhood of Georgetown, but I realized it would be impractical and it was better to look for an apartment. Now I prospect in areas not too far from my office, "said Le Figaro the new executive director of the monetary institution. "I have a pool, but not just to bathe. A pool where we could really swim … I have not taken a subscription to a sports club, but in my building there is a proper gym, "says the former champion synchronized swimming enthusiast – disciplined – physical exercise daily.

Since joining the IMF, it has worked and has not been able to enjoy a city that is much changed since she lived there in 1974, when she spent a year at a time of joy and studious the benches of the Holton-Arms School, a school for girls located in the posh western suburb. "In my new life in Washington, the work never stops. But the restaurants are ten times better than what I experienced, "It has already his favorites:" the canteen of the IMF and the Blue Duck Tavern at the Hyatt. " However, between briefings, seminars with the teams of the Fund that it must learn about his travels to London to Marseille for the G7 and Jackson Hole (Wyoming) for a symposium of central bankers to prepare his speeches and conversations with senior business leaders from every continent, Christine Lagarde has had little time to breathe.Those close to him are even already looking a little tired …

She will not rest this week as the annual meetings of the IMF and World Bank are converging towards his office finance ministers and heads of central banks in 187 countries. For several days she prepares for the event. Moments of summer vacation between Marseille and Corsica with her partner, Xavier Giocanti may have seemed far away. To complicate matters, the latter, who founded his company in France, will not live with her in Washington. "He loves the U.S. capital. But his work is in the south of France. He promised to arrange to come one week per month. I also want it with me in some missions abroad, "says the former French Minister.This rate, "is it better than their last weekend aborted by meetings at the Elysee on Sunday afternoon?" Asks one close to the couple.

Critical time

Christine Lagarde did not wait two and half months to start to make its mark and recommend solutions to the crisis. In late August, on the occasion of his first major intervention in Jackson Hole, she took against the established European friends who have yet worked to his appointment in June She has dared to advocate for a rapid strengthening of bank capital of the Old Continent, as required by public money. Taking up the old refrain of the IMF, the former "good soldier" of Nicolas Sarkozy marked its independence vis-à-vis his former boss.Showing how far is now the time in his office in Bercy, when not agree with a decision of the Élysée, she smiled, gritted his teeth and let go … "is the head of State decides "*.

This position, criticized by many European officials, but in line with IMF recommendations for months, proved that the new patron of the institution was not, as some suspect, "the elegant performing" chosen by old European countries in crisis to justify their monopoly once more become anachronistic in the direction of the IMF. Even the laudatory article in the American edition of Vogue magazine in September of Christine Lagarde said that his French elegance accompanied by substance, "Lagarde is as natural, open and very feminine.His way of being simple, clear it rose through the ranks through his work seriously, not because of its ability to attract, "says the prestigious fashion publication. This is the first time a director of the IMF in Vogue poses cross-legged on a couch. Some saw a dim, fast debt crisis in Europe. But now that clears a little sordid chronicle by the New York tabloids and sexual exploits of his predecessor.

In his office on the 12th floor of the concrete block that is the IMF headquarters, Christine Lagarde strives to maintain at all times smile and kindness that are his trademark. However, she also knows that this is not that quality be the judge.Some leading experts in the world of high finance, as Simon Johnson and Raghuram Rajan, former chief economist of the IMF expressed concern that "non-economist" is selected for this feature to a critical time. It can be a handicap in an institution with more than doctors in economics per square meter than any other. Eager to rectify this perception, she was quick to declare taking office in early July: "I'm not going to brag about my qualifications or my lack of qualifications. The proof of the quality of the pudding is measured by how it is enjoyed by those who eat it, as the saying goes. I come with an open mind, with my ability to manage, leverage resources and my desire to help as many people as possible to the decisions and solutions … I will ask many questions.I will evaluate and I'll rely on the advice of those who know their sector. Without wishing to poets, all conductors can not play the piano, harp, violin and cello. I will try to be a good conductor. "To Christine Lagarde, the concert starts this week.

As shown in the tone of his speech a few days before the Royal Institute for International Affairs in London, Woodrow Wilson Center in Washington or on the financial news channel CNBC, the CEO wants to politely shake the leaders of the world, push for action to prevent a relapse into recession generally. Barack Obama, which she first received a phone call late August, requires only that.His plan to revive the use is consistent with IMF recommendations: do not cut right away in public spending.

His recent media offensive, the contrast between the start humiliating DSK, which has placed the IMF on the front page of American newspapers, not to mention the seriousness of the economic situation, are all eyes are on her. Not just those of "Planet Finance." "I am no longer anonymous to Washington. Many people recognize me on the streets and shops. The youngest often ask me to pose with them for a photo. And taxi drivers spotted me right away, "says she honestly.

It is too early to say whether it will be "Keynesian" or "monetarist". But in style, some have noted its refreshing approach in the austere environment of the IMF."I do not know if his style is a little sixteenth arrondissement, or if it is his sincere desire to be considerate towards its employees, but it is very human … I saw her invited to eat at his table his bodyguards after long hours of work, "says one observer. I must say that – status of the Fund requires – one of his bodyguards Bercy could follow. Not even his faithful collaborator for eighteen years, Sonia, who had started with her at Baker & McKenzie and on which it could rely at all times. Being a "woman power" always has a price …

* In "Christine Lagarde: investigation of the most powerful woman in the world," Cyril and Mary LACHEVRE Visot (Editions Michel Lafon).

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Albert II of Monaco and Charlene Wittstock reported close to the rock. The royal couple, who has said yes last July, allowed Monaco to garner nearly 10 million. The celebrations, which took place over three days, had in fact cost 19.578 million euros (paid by the State of Monaco to the tune of 9.178 million and 10.4 million in the Palace). But the direct and indirect economic benefits are, they estimated at 29 million euros, according to the Institute of Statistics Monaco (IMSE).

Direct benefits, which include expenses related to the organization made in the Principality, were valued at 14.9 million euros.According to the Minister of State Michel Roger, "76% benefited local economic entities", ie the sectors of hotels, restaurants, service providers and equipment supply.

The indirect benefits generated by visitors and participants in various events during the wedding, have immediately helped raise 4.6 million euros (2.5 million are still went to the restaurant, 1, 5 to 0.6 million hotel and derivatives such as objects and stamps). In the long term, they need to generate about 9 million.

"Capitalize" on these benefits

For Monaco and its 35,000 inhabitants, the bet seems successful. This marriage has given a boost to a tourism industry that marked the coup in 2009.The Tourism Monaco confirmed a very good month of July: "The Principality has 75,000 monthly overnights. In July, 80% of them were occupied, "said a statement citing" great numbers that exceed the reference years were 2007 or 2008. "The Oceanographic Museum and its exhibition "Story of the Royal Wedding" shows the tourist craze sparked by the marriage of July as recorded 100,000 visitors in less than a month.

To maximize the benefits for the long term, officials are working on Monegasque a special program named "Monaco, the world capital of romance" with the goal of "capitalizing on the benefits of international royal wedding and set up a course marriage," said Bouquier Michel, the Commissioner General of Tourism.

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After closing up Thursday evening, the U.S. stock markets have struggled to stay in the green Friday. At the close, the Dow gained 0.66% to 11,509,09 points, the Nasdaq is 0.58% to 2622.31 points and the S & P 500 climbed 0.57% to 1216.01 points. The benchmark index of Wall Street has finished in the green of the five sessions of the week, a performance he had not done since the last week of June. It displays a weekly increase of 4.7%.

Investors focused on news from Europe. After the announcement, positively received, a new agreement between central banks to provide dollar liquidity to European banks and Japanese eyes were riveted to Poland which is a meeting of EU finance ministers.The latter have formally agreed on the principle of strengthening fiscal discipline by imposing financial penalties on countries too lax, paving the way for formal adoption of this reform.

In contrast, the euro area and again stumbles on the guarantees requested by Finland in exchange for new loans in Athens, an issue that poisons relations within the euro area.Concerning the payment of a further tranche of loans that the country urgently needs, the euro area has decided to postpone any decision until October.

Invited exceptionally, U.S. Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner has also expressed concern about the divisions between governments and the European Central Bank (ECB).

U.S. consumer confidence rises

In this context, the "four witches" today is to say the expiration of four types of futures contracts on indices and stocks, have increased volatility.

Good news, however, helped keep the exchanges in positive territory: U.S. consumer confidence rises, according to the index of consumer confidence in September, published by the University of Michigan.The index, which fell in August to its lowest level since November 2008, increased 2.1 points to 57.8, according to a still provisional estimate for September. Analysts were waiting a little lower, at 56.3.

Oil has closed lower Friday in New York, suffering from profit taking less reassured investors that the day before on the likelihood of a quick resolution of the debt crisis in Europe.A barrel of "light sweet crude" for October delivery ended down $ 1.44 on the New York Mercantile Exchange, to 87.96 dollars a barrel.

RIM collapses

On the corporate side, Research in Motion (- 18.99% to 23.93 dollars), the maker of BlackBerry smartphones, collapsed after publishing quarterly results fell sharply, well below analysts' forecasts.

The rating agency Moody's said Thursday it placed under surveillance notes of the bank UBS (+ 4.16% to 11.89 dollars) with for a potential degradation due to "weaknesses in the management of risk group. "

At the heart of the news, Google (+ 0.76% to 546.68 dollars) has purchased additional patents in 1023 the computer company IBM (1.55% to 172.72 dollars) to strengthen its portfolio and attempt to discourage trial for violation of intellectual property.Google expects the other hand that the number of Internet users in India to be tripled in three years through improved access to wireless internet and at prices more affordable smartphone, reported on Friday Wall Street Journal.

Boeing (1.49% to 65.28 dollars) could finally respond to the order by Air France-KLM of 110 long-haul aircraft, including 50 firm orders, builders Boeing and European Airbus to ensure the renewal of its fleet.