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The attendant of the Magi does not believe in miracles. In this village of the Cevennes Gard, Jacky controller takes the last independent station. "When I moved in 1984, there were eight stations on the road, remember Jacky, a bit fatalistic. I will be retired in a year, and no one will resume the activity. "

The disappearance of the gas station of the Magi was certainly inevitable. In 1985, there were 29,750 service stations, according to the French Union of Petroleum Industries (Ufip). Since the network has disintegrated. They were more last year than 7149, only 1538 independent. Regression for the benefit of a large area stations: 2250 26 years ago, they are now 4902.

Financial support

But to make matters worse, the service station owners are now faced with a challenge.Finance the upgrading of their facilities necessitated by the transposition of European directives into French law, whose applications are expected for a period from 2013 to 2020.

These regulations impose progressively strengthen the provisions for recovering gasoline vapors during the refueling of vehicles to fight against air pollution, compliance with new distances "between the devices and distribution from a public establishment or of a building inhabited "rearrangements of tracks, but also the installation of double-walled tanks.

"There's € 20 000," says Jacky Regula. The attendant of the Magi is all the more bitter than the prices differ by only a penny from the Intermarché neighbor. "I'm fighting with my cash and pay my suppliers in five days to get the best price.But to be profitable, it takes at least a margin of seven cents per liter, "says he.

"These obligations can result in decisions to stop activity by owner-operators with two main reasons: the high level of investment and the inability to meet the new standards such as safety distances," warns the Ufip.

Brigitte Bros., owner of the resort village of Lozère Malbouzon (160 inhabitants), near the A75 motorway, is categorical: "The standards being too expensive. It will not work. "Just for the two pumps, estimate amount to € 60 000. "It is amortized over a hundred years, she joked. The station is to be helpful. There are not many in the corner. It is open seven days a weekIt's a real public service. "

Brigitte Bros. has yet stepped up efforts to keep his business, where a liter of diesel is € 1.55, or about 16 cents more than in a supermarket. Managed for nine years by Evelyne Perret is the only gas pump to 10 miles around, and one of the five supply points independent of the department.With about 6000 liters of fuel sold each month, the station scrapes, supported by the activity of the restaurant, coffee Perret, with its workers to 12 € menu.

At the number of closures announced, the Professional Committee of the fuel distribution has developed budgets that can partially support the small owner.

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European stock exchanges succeed they continue their rebound started the day before? Nothing is less certain on Friday morning, when the index in Paris fell into the red immediately after opening up 0.17%. Ten minutes after the opening, the Paris index yields 1.59% to 3040.59 points. Frankfurt and London have opened in the red: the Dax yield 0.64% to 5760.41 points and the FTSE-100 lost 0.70% to 5126.81 points.

Thursday, ACC closed up 2.59% to 3089.66 points, after falling in mid-session. The day before, he had plunged more than 5%.The same volatility dominates in Frankfurt the Dax closed Thursday up 3.28% and in London where the FTSE-100 index gained 3.11%.

Investors should prove once again nervous at the end of a week marked by extreme market volatility, which saw the CAC 40 push the psychological threshold of 3000 points during trading Thursday before returning to the colors. Investors were reassured by the announcement of a meeting between Nicolas Sarkozy and German Chancellor Angela Merkel on August 16 to issue joint proposals on the governance of the euro area. In addition, U.S. markets were supported by two good indicators of the jobless and real estate. Wall Street has ended sharply higher: the Dow Jones has gained 4% and the Nasdaq 4.69%.

Despite the ban on short selling in the securities of eleven banks and insurance companies to counter the extreme volatility of the stock market values. Still, banking stocks are still abused in the image of BNP Paribas, which issued a statement Thursday night to reaffirm the strength of its capital, Societe Generale and Credit Agricole.

No growth in the second quarter

On the macroeconomic front, INSEE reported this morning from zero growth in the second quarter in France (0 saving account payday loan.0%), against an increase of 0.9% in the first quarter. Inflation also slowed: the consumer prices fell by 0.4% in July, resulting in an increase of 1.9% over the year (against 2.1% from June 2010 to June 2011 ).

Oil is, meanwhile, resumed its decline in trade in Asia, having recovered Thursday in the United States.In morning trading, a barrel of "light sweet crude" lost 47 cents to 85.25 dollars and that of Brent North Sea fell by 57 cents to 107.45 dollars.

Other values ​​to follow, Carrefour pulls out of the game: the title ahead of 3.32% to 18.53 euros. U.S. giant Wal-Mart have mandated UBS to investigate the acquisition of the Brazilian subsidiary of French retailer, according to Reuters, citing a source familiar with the matter.

Goldman Sachs lowered its recommendation on Lafarge (-0.62% to 28,835 euros) and withdrew the title from its list of recommended values ​​in priority to the purchase.The intermediary has instead built his list to Saint-Gobain (0.55% to 32.975 euros) and Vinci (-0.30% to 34.36 euros).

Europacorp (0.63% to 3.22 euros), the production company of Luc Besson, Thursday reaffirmed its goal of a return to balance for the current year, despite a sharp decline its turnover in the first quarter.

Derichebourg (-1.05% to 3.489 euros) Thursday confirmed its target of improving its annual net income, after recording a sharp increase in sales over the first nine months of the year.

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After the storm that plunged all the stock exchanges, the European shares rebound on Thursday. In Paris the CAC 40 index opened up 2.96% to 3092.16 points. Same trend in Frankfurt the Dax rose 2.81% to 5771.21 points and in London the FTSE 100 opened up over 2% to 5118.29 points. Appeasement was already felt in the Asian stock markets that are returned to the green or showed moderate declines.

Wednesday, the markets were shaken by rumors of a deterioration in the rating of France, immediately denied by the rating agencies and the French government, and concerns about the health of the bank Societe Generale. And the CAC 40 plunged 5.45%, narrowly escaping the psychological threshold of 3000 points to 3002.99 points. Other European markets have suffered the same drop Frankfurt dropped 5.13%, 3.05% London.Madrid and Milan 5.49% 6.65%. In New York, the Dow fell 4.62% and 4.09% for the Nasdaq.

Bank stocks monitored

Gold continues, meanwhile, fly from record to record. The precious metal has crossed the threshold of 1800 dollars. It is this Thursday morning in 1790 dollars, after hitting a new record of 1815.50 dollars. However, oil resumed its decline in Asia. Yet he had resisted the panic the day before with the announcement of a dramatic and unexpected decline in crude inventories in the United States. In morning trading, a barrel of "light sweet crude" lost 79 cents to 82.10 dollars and that of Brent North Sea fell by 1.10 dollars to 105.58 dollars.

Among the values ​​to be followed, the bank that have been heavily tested yesterday. The Financial Markets Authority (AMF), the stock market regulator, announced that it will monitor developments in the securities sector.Trading in Societe Generale jumped nearly 9% to 24.16 euros after being suspended briefly at the opening. The title was unscrewed from 14.74% on Wednesday. The bank asked the AMF to investigate the origin of the rumors that have depressed its course Same day payday loans. The CEO of the bank, Frédéric Oudéa, denounced, in an interview with Le Figaro, "the series of attacks" against the French banking sector "sounds completely fantastic, I struggle with the utmost force, it is taken at Societe Generale, "he lamented. "We have no fear on our lending: we achieved 93% of our long-term funding program year, he added.Short-term side, we have 105 billion euros of underlying assets with central banks and keep full access to the interbank market. "

BNP Paribas (2.98% to 36.67 euros) and Credit Agricole (5.68% to 6.418 euros) rebounded Wednesday after falling by 9.5% and 11.8%.

In addition, EADS (1.66% to 20.24 euros), the parent company of Airbus, said Wednesday it will not achieve its objectives in the United States in 2020 without new acquisitions.

Title Alcatel-Lucent (2.11% to 2.324 euros) is expected to rise following the release of quarterly results from Cisco Systems, above the consensus of Wall Street.

L'Oreal (2.29% to 1.73 euros) should benefit from the decision by Goldman Sachs, which added its list of preferred European stocks to buy ("pan-Europe conviction buy list").

Saint-Gobain (1.11% to 31.775 euros) has announced the acquisition of Solar Gard, a subsidiary of Belgian group dedicated to Bekaert Specialty Films, as part of its strategy to accelerate its growth through acquisitions.

Maurel & Prom rose 4.22% to 12.35 euros after opening up over 8%. The oil company reported a surge of 123% of its revenue thanks to increased revenues in Gabon and Nigeria.

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"The major difference between the 2008 crisis and the looming today? This time, we should not expect China to save the world to the tune of hundreds of billion yuan stimulus plan. "For this manager, the situation of China explains much of the current stock markets tumble world. Everyone is afraid now a powerful brake on the side of Beijing. However, a slowdown in the Chinese economy could dangerously jeopardize the recovery of the entire planet.

This brake application that profile every day, while inflationary pressures continue to weigh on Beijing could prompt the central government to continue to raise interest rates, taking the risk of curbing its industrial growth.

The index of consumer prices rose 6.5% in July year on year, against 6.4% in June, according to figures from National Bureau of Statistics released Tuesday. This is its strongest acceleration in three years. From month to month, prices rose 0.5% in July against 0.3% between May and June

Between January and July, inflation has reached 5.5%. Far from the 4% target set initially for the entire year by the Chinese leadership. And still above the revised target of 5%.Premier Wen Jiabao warned in June that this goal would remain the government's priority, although the task is "difficult".

Ample liquidity

The July figures correspond to an expected peak of the rise in prices, which should subside in the coming months, according to most analysts. "Inflation is generally under control and, more encouragingly, the moderation of core inflation suggests that the campaign of monetary tightening government holds the price pressure on the demand side," said Matthew circumstances a economist for Moody's Analytics no faxing 1 hour payday loans.

In the short term some concerns will therefore dissipate.But the new uncertainty in global markets and weak growth prospects in Europe and the United States creates additional pressure for China, which has its hands tied in the adoption of a possible stimulus package likely to eat too inflation.

The party faces an abundance of liquidity in the economy, the main cause of rising prices. The final recovery plan adopted in late 2008 to boost the economy has led local governments to borrow up to 1.16 trillion euros, of which 80% were on loan from Chinese banks, according to a recent report by the National Bureau of audit. For now, the party seeking to stabilize its economy rather than risk a new runaway.

This also explains the nervousness that exists among senior leaders of the international situation.The countries concerned by the problems of debt and deficit must adopt policies "monetary and fiscal concrete and responsible," Wen Jiabao said Tuesday. Things are clear: the largest creditor in the world now pose the conditions before consent to any-will.

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The fire that ravaged the financial markets now threatens the supporting walls of the world economy. By removing the United States their "AAA" rating, the rating agency Standard & Poor's tipped on Friday night U.S. time, the debt crisis in a new dimension, even more dramatic. The decision comes into effect in times of extreme stress: over the last two weeks, the New York Stock Exchange fell by 10%, with nine consecutive sessions of decline that has never happened since 1929! The beginnings of the shock wave should hit Monday morning Western financial markets on Sunday were felt in the streets Middle East.In Tel Aviv – where trade has been interrupted for even one hour – the stock market dropped over 7%.

Now that the United States have been degraded, no other country rated "AAA" can consider itself completely immune to medium term. As for lower-rated countries, they risk having their refinancing terms to harden significantly. In the end, all governments will have to redouble our efforts to reduce their deficits. Even at the sacrifice for some growth in its infancy.

To mitigate the magnitude of the shock, the world leaders have stepped up telephone interviews during the weekend. No formal meeting not held, although, according to South Korean authorities, a conversation at the G20 may have taken place Sunday morning after the G7 Ministers and Sherpas were spoken in the night from Saturday .Sunday, late in the day, Paris and Berlin have issued a statement reaffirming their commitment to adopt before the end of September, the agreement of July 21 on the Rescue of Greece. The schedule should reassure markets that doubt. They also praised the efforts of Spain and especially those of Italy, two weak links in the euro area at present.

Whopping "Noting" the willingness of member states to accelerate fiscal consolidation, the European Central Bank, which held Sunday evening an emergency meeting, said in the wake, it would implement its Bond Buyback Program "actively". The ECB is indeed in the short term, the only institution capable of acting. As long as the agreement signed on July 21 has not been ratified, the European financial stability can not afford to intervene across the entire area.Hence the pivotal role of the bank in Frankfurt, which has been slow, however, to engage in battle.

"At its meeting on Thursday, the ECB disappointed by not announcing the acquisition of the Italian debt, says Laurence Boone, chief economist for Europe Bofa-Merrill Lynch. But the decision Friday by the Italian Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi, to accelerate by one year the return to a balanced budget should meet Jean-Claude Trichet and facilitate the intervention of the ECB on the Italian debt. " Such a move will he work? When she flew to the rescue of Portugal, Greece and Ireland, the ECB has repurchased approximately 12% of the debt of these countries, or 74 billion euros. With Spain and Portugal, the stock of debt of 2300 billion, which means that the bank in Frankfurt will need at least 240 billion on the table if it wants to weigh.A colossal sum.

The other issue that will come back, throbbing throughout the week for growth. In turn, the U.S. Federal Reserve and the Bank of England should speak on recent developments in the economy in their countries. They should take note of the proliferation of signs of slowing down. As for the euro area, it falls within the publication period of its growth figures for the second quarter ahead disappointing. France is in sight. "Given the slowdown in household consumption growth may have been zero in the second quarter, after the sharp rise in first quarter" advance Laurence Boone. What increasing pessimism and weaken even more the euro area.

After nine sessions of declines, with a final closing last fall, and early trading down 3% Friday morning, the Cac 40 rebounds. But last month, the benchmark index of the Paris stock exchange has lost 17%. Suffice to say that it takes up 2% at 14:30 will not be enough to regain the ground lost. This change in trend, however, marks a return of enthusiasm among investors, and this improvement is welcome as the context was sluggish in recent days.

The breath of fresh air came from the United States, where the release of employment figures for the month of July has created a pleasant surprise, and somewhat allayed doubts about growth.

The United States has in fact been a net creation of 117,000 jobs during the last month.a figure that is 38% higher than that which is law in the community of analysts who had forecast 85,000 new jobs created, at best.

With these hires more dynamic than expected, the U.S. unemployment rate ebbs. 0.1 points. But, however small it is, this figure is enough to pleasantly surprise the markets that relied on a stable unemployment rate in the U.S..

Other exchanges in Europe are more timid in the rebound

Other major European financial centers reduce their losses, but with more caution. To 15 hours, the Footsie-100 from the London Stock Exchange limit its losses to 0.2% to 5338 points (-2.58% against the opening).

However, the Dax 30 of the Frankfurt Stock Exchange is down quite markedly, falling 0.83% to 6361 points (-3.85% against the beginning of the meeting). The Brussels Bel 20 was down 1.08% to 2199 points (-3.61% against the opening).

Milan and Madrid, who were moving against the tide this morning, buoyed by market rumors suggesting an intervention by the ECB, their speed increases. In Italy, the MIB FTSE gains 1.66% at 17,160 points while the Spanish Ibex rose 2.09% to 1868 points.

The trade deficit of France back in June

Other macroeconomic news: the trade deficit of France. He was greatly reduced in June to 5.598 billion euros, after 6.415 billion in May, according to data released Friday by Customs.

On the podium of the largest declines the CAC 40, Unibail-Rodamco lost 4.49% to 137.3 euros, Technip loose 2.55% to 62.95 euros and Lafarge drops 2.35% to 30.995 euros.

Natixis: 8.46% to 3.012 euros

Natixis on Thursday posted a net profit above expectations in the second quarter thanks to a sharp increase in the contribution of results from regional banks of its parent BPCE (People's Bank – Savings Bank).

Dexia: -2.9% to 1.608 euros

Dexia announced the heaviest loss in its history, a performance due to both the sale of a portfolio of toxic assets – centerpiece of its restructuring plan – and its contribution to the aid plan on sovereign debt Greek.

Carrefour: 1.21% to 18.79 euros

Carrefour announced a new reorganization of its management, including replacing its chief financial officer, when the group just straightening operations in France and suffered a major strategic setback in Brazil.

LVMH: 1.74% to 117.20 euros

LVMH said Thursday it had received approval from Consob, the Italian stock market authority, for offering Italian jeweler Bulgari on which he announced the takeover in March.

Vicat: 0.41% to 46.99 euros

Vicat said Thursday expect a slight reduction of its operating margin in 2011 due to the revolution in Egypt, rising energy costs and start-up costs of factories in India.

The group of environmental services warned on Friday: in 2011 it will not reach the objectives it set itself in terms of growth in profits. It's something confirmed on Thursday, while the specialist services in the water, waste and transport unveiled a net loss of 67.2 million euros in its first half, due to early provisions past for its plan to focus geographically, and non-recurring write-downs. Without these items, which account for 800.3 million euros, Veolia announced a net profit of 188.1 million euros, still always decline (-28%). Sales for the period rose for its 4.4% on a comparable basis to 16.28 billion euros (+15.5% at constant exchange rates).

A voluntary separation plan envisaged

As announced last week, the group led by Antoine Frérot said to have encountered difficulties in Southern Europe, North Africa and the United States, that led it to implement further restructuring and strengthen the redeployment of its activities to concentrate on "a small number of countries."

By 2013, Veolia Environnement wants to actually be present in fewer than 40 countries, against 77 at present. For example, he announced a withdrawal "significant" in some areas and trades, such as the withdrawal of transport activities in Morocco, cleanliness in Egypt, or Marine Services in the United States and southern Europe. This acceleration of focus is not without consequences on the accounts.In a statement, Veolia said that 686 million euros in writedowns were recorded under the operational difficulties encountered in Italy, the United States and Morocco. Hence the fall in operating profit recorded over one year of 1.101 billion to 252 million euros.

As part of its reorganization, the group also announced it would establish voluntary severance schemes in France, in the water sector.

Doubts about the dividend

Given these results and further steps that need to be implemented, Veolia will therefore not committed to a growth in profits for the year 2011.Not surprisingly, however, the group confirms its other annual goals, including organic growth of its business and asset sales for at least 1.3 billion euros, a positive free cash flow after payment of the dividend.

At the meeting presenting the results, Antoine Frérot explained, however, he was not able to guarantee that Veolia would maintain its dividend in 2011 at the same level as that of € 1 paydayloans.21 paid in 2011.

Other objectives, Veolia is a recurring operating income "slightly down" at constant exchange rates (excluding the consolidation of Transdev Veolia confirms that the group will introduce a stock exchange), and finally, cost savings of 250 million euros.On this last point, Veolia plans to accelerate its cost savings in the longer term, with an expected positive effect on operating profit of at least 150 million euros in 2013 and 250 to 300 million in 2015, and more of 250 million mentioned above.

The title Veolia has lost 25% of its value in five days

Despite the warning last week, and the fall of 9.5% of the title that had followed, investors have been very hard on the tooth that bad publication. After opening down sharply from 8.04% to 13.15 euros, the title was abandoned among the first on Thursday in a market panic. Veolia ends with an impressive plummeting 18.88% to 11.60 euros.

Overall, Veolia has lost a third of its value within five sessions …These results are disappointing especially since yesterday, Suez Environnement, the French rival Veolia has published interim results rather reassuring, thanks to the good performance of the water division, and finished the session at the Paris Bourse rose 0.68%, despite a plunge of more than 2% of the Cac 40.

Since Friday, the penalty did not expect that the part of analysts, with numerous recommendations degradation. Monday, Goldman Sachs withdrew Veolia from its list of preferred European values, lowering its recommendation to neutral, for a revised price target of 26 to 20.50 euros. For his part, Oddo has also lowered its recommendation from neutral to reduce to a revised target of 24 to 15 euros. CM-CIC Securities is left to buy but has revised its target price of 24.1 to 19.6 euros. BNP Paribas expects a still under-performance but reduced its target from 21 to 15 euros.Finally, HSBC rose Tuesday from overweight to neutral, slashing its target from 21 to 17 euros.

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The European Union has embarked on a spring cleaning of food labeling. And their supposed virtues to health. Energy bars Brand Gerblé supposed to boost memory? The court decided otherwise, since it ruled in favor of a consumer association by calling the advertisement "misleading." Currently, the national association of consumer and user (CLCV), one of the largest of its kind, which is in litigation against the giant Candia. At the heart of the debate, promises related to the consumption of milk Silhouette Active expected to play a role in appetite.This drink, ensures the manufacturer, would be "natural source of calcium and low in fat" and contain "a revolutionary active ingredient that helps you eat less at the next meal."

It is to fight against the proliferation of misleading health claims that since 2008, the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) is working on the content of thousands of labels. Manufacturers of each EU country provided their respective states, which were to follow EFSA, the allegations they wanted to use and the scientific literature. Thus 44,000 cases arrived at the office of the Authority for food safety. But after having eliminated all the duplicates and health claims related to plants that will be discussed later, the experts themselves to verify the actual 2760 scientific assertions.Among these products boasting of "antioxidant", "anticholesterols", "good for your bones", others favor the "removal of the water" by the kidneys, or some highlighting the "energy "and ensure the" vitality ".

Poorly supported arguments

Analysis of the EFSA has not focused on products but on their components. "In the end, only 20% received a positive opinion and 80% were eliminated, 'the officials of the Authority. For several reasons: incomplete files or too vague, and poorly supported arguments and sometimes a little wacky documents. "About the effect of a vitamin on the hair, companies have provided scientific studies do not speak of the vitamin or no hair," says Professor Ambrose and Martin, one of the experts of the EFSA.Besides a folder containing … the activity report of British Airways!

The 500 claims remaining in contention are only the opinion of the EFSA. The final list will be established in the coming months by the Member States on a proposal from the Commission. This could happen in 2012. Knowing that the industry will still have six months to adapt, the actual implementation of the measure expected in early 2013. John Dalli, the European Commissioner for Health, said he wanted to "regulate an opaque market."

"The idea of ​​improving nutrition labeling dates back several years, observed with some skepticism Inserm researcher Pierre Meneton, salt specialist, who believes that the excess sodium chloride is the cause of 30,000 to 35,000 deaths per year in France.But this work on a reform of European labels have long been in a drawer. "It remains to be hoped that the work undertaken by the European does not remain a dead letter.

Regulation eagerly awaited by the Directorate General for Competition, Consumption and Fraud Control (DGCCRF). Because if Europe says the regulations, that the DGCCRF have the burden of verifying the reality of its application. "Before, companies benefited from a regime of almost total freedom," said William Cousyn, in charge of the nutrition issues. And it was the DGCCRF to prove fraud. The latter was particularly common: "95% of scientific claims that the DGCCRF asked us to check proved wrong," adds Martin Ambrose who is also expert at the National Health Security (handles).

For the DGCCRF, the label control will be facilitated since each claim will match a specific list of ingredients required. For the industrial sentenced for false advertising (in legal terms, we talk about deceptive marketing practices), the fine can reach 375,000 euros although it is rarely the case. Actually, what bothers most companies, it is the bad publicity generated by such trials. "The biggest deterrent is ultimately to include excerpts of court decisions on packaging, says Mr. Jerome Frank, one of the lawyers of the UFC-Que Choisir and CLCV. Should somehow punish them by where they have sinned. "

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The French plébiscitent increasing the "Made in France" and it has not escaped the business. A craze that falls well: rising transportation costs and wage inflation from 15% to 20% in some coastal factories in China are converging today to encourage repatriation of some production lines to France and Europe. But if some companies are beginning to consider such a policy change, few are still those who skip it.

"There is clearly more interesting now than to relocate whole or in part," says Jean-Luc Fonteneau, a partner in the consulting firm Diagma logistics. "But do not mistake: these factors on their own are not sufficient to stimulate a significant movement of relocations. For now, our customers are content to talk about it.The cost differential is still largely in favor of Asia, "said he.

Geneviève Lethu, Rossignol, Decathlon or Meccano, who chose to relocate all or part of their production in recent years, rather figures are therefore exceptions. Geneviève Lethu for example, production costs remain two to three times higher in France than in Southeast Asia, says Edmond Kassapian, its CEO. The company has nevertheless chosen to relocation, mainly to improve the quality of its products.

In this context, the rise in commodity prices and wage inflation in recent months weigh little. "In textiles, for example, transportation is only 5% to 10% of the production cost of an item.As for wage increases, even if the percentages are impressive, they represent less than 3% of payroll French, "Jean-Luc Fonteneau calculated. Some companies also try to compensate by shifting their production to Vietnam …, the consultant observed.

Automation

The figures confirm this analysis. According to a recent study by two economists at the University of Poitiers, Liliane Bonnal Olivier Bouba-Olga and the relocations to France remain marginal effect cash advance now. Based on data reported by the Centre for Investment in 2008 and 2009, economists have identified all the operations of investment and divestment activity in France. Relocations represent only 0.3% of these operations, 24 cases in two years.In total, they recorded a relocation to six relocations, and a job created for 30 jobs lost because of offshoring. "Only 500 jobs were created in two years because of relocations," says Olivier Bouba-Olga.

Because they "do not result in any case not by major job creation," said El Mouhoub Mouhoud, an economist at Paris Dauphine University and author of "Globalization and offshoring of business" by Editions la Découverte. In most cases, they are indeed driven by companies that have chosen to automate their production. "So that the jobs lost in Southeast Asia and elsewhere are almost never compensated in France," the judge economist.

The marginal nature of the relocation is also reflected in the lack of excitement generated by government schemes to encourage them."The tax credit for relocating business established in 2007 has hardly ever been used," says El Mouhoub Mouhoud. As for the relocation bonus, with a budget of 200 million euros and announced with great fanfare in the aftermath of the States General of Industry, it is simply more. "The premium has been recast in within a broader, that of using the re-industrialization," says one to the Ministry of Industry. The latter has only 20 million euros. If "the world's factory" that is China is losing some ground, France did for the moment that gets a few scraps.

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